疏水花生壳/聚氨酯复合泡沫的制备与油水分离性能

为提高聚氨酯泡沫（PUF）的疏水性能,首先采用十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷（HDTMS）对花生壳粉末（PSP）进行改性,得到疏水改性花生壳粉末（H-PSP）。水接触角测试结果表明,改性后H-PSP的水接触角由PSP的0°提高至145.2°。然后采用预聚体法制备了PUF负载H-PSP复合材料（H-PSP-PUF-n,n为H-PSP占聚氨酯预聚体PPU的质量分数）。对H-PSP-PUF-n的结构和性能进行了表征与测试。结果表明,H-PSP的负载提高了泡沫材料的表面粗糙度和力学性能,H-PSP的最佳负载量为PPU质量的10%（H-PSP-PUF-10）。与PUF相比,H-PSP-PUF-10的静态水接触角达到142.4°,较PUF提高了50.4°。对二氯甲烷、石油醚、煤油、二甲苯、环己烷五种油品进行油水分离实验,结果表明,H-PSP-PUF-10对不同油品的吸油倍率在7~9 g/g,而且具有良好的油水选择性。经15次吸附-脱附循环后,H-PSP-PUF-10对各油品的吸油倍率在6.5~8.0 g/g,具有良好的循环利用性。     

Large scale production of nanoporous graphene sheets and their application in lithium ion battery

Nanoporous graphene sheets were generated through a simple thermal annealing procedure using composites of ferrocene nanoparticles and graphene oxide sheets as precursors in a large scale. The morphology, composition, and formation mechanism of the as-obtained nanoporous graphene sheets were studied complementarily with scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and other spectroscopy techniques. We found that the density of nanopores on the graphene sheet was determined by the surface distribution of oxygen-containing groups on the original graphene oxide sheets. The coin cells using nanoporous graphene sheets as anode materials showed higher specific lithium ion storage capacity, better discharge/charge rate capability and higher cycling stability when compared to the coin cells with graphene or chemically reduced graphene sheets as anodes.     

Impact of urban development on residents’ public transportation travel energy consumption in China: An analysis of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles alternatives

Urban development has an important influence on the energy consumption of transportation. To develop public transportation is one of the important ways to decrease the energy consumption of urban transportation. It is very urgent to upgrade technology to reduce the energy consumption and emissions of the vehicles constantly. The popularization of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles is the trend of the future automobile industry, which can effectively reduce traffic energy consumption and alleviate urban pollution. This article analyzes the impact of urban development on public transport and private transportation energy consumption from 2013 to 2015; and uses hydrogen fuel cell vehicles alternatives in urban public transport as a scenario. It shows that urban economic development can effectively reduce public transport. Population growth will increase greatly energy consumption of public transport, while larger cities with reasonable spatial density can reduce traffic energy consumption. Moreover, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles can effectively reduce the energy consumption and pollution emissions of urban transportation during operating. Based on the above conclusions, this article will eventually provide targeted recommendations for the development of Chinese cities, public transport, and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.     

Analytical modeling of strength in randomly oriented PP and PPTA short fiber reinforced gypsum composites

Fiber reinforced gypsum are prevalent building materials in which short fibers with high tensile strength are embedded into a gypsum matrix to produce supplemental strong and lightweight construction materials. Due to confrontation to a rising risk of death and economic disaster in earthquake-prone areas, quake-resistant materials and structures should be employed for building constructions. Gypsum based composites as a unique candidate for this purpose reduce the risks and produce much confident construction materials for residential buildings. In this work tensile strength of gypsum composites with different volume fraction of polypropylene (PP) and poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide (PPTA) fibers up to 15% were studied. Stress transfer ability from matrix to fibers were analyzed using theoretical shear lag analyses, scanning electron microscope, and pull out tests. The interfacial characteristics were also studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The ability of the composites to withstand against longitudinal tensile load was also studied by tensile tests of dog-bone shaped, random oriented fiber reinforced gypsum. Tensile strength of randomly oriented short fiber reinforced gypsum was evaluated by a mathematical model. The obtained results from the model and experimental results have been compared and discussed.     

Surface Modification and Characterization of PET Fibers

Improvement in synthetic fiber based composites is a hot topic in the material area.The incompatibility between the surfaces of synthetic fibers is a significant challenge due to fibers hydrophobic property.In this study,PET(polyethylene terephthalate) fibers based on low hydrophilic were slightly treated with NaOH or sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS).SEM images showed that there were some pits on the surface of PET fibers treated by NaOH,while PET fibers treated by SDBS became smoother.The peaks at 3725 cm~(-1) and 3628 cm~(-1) were generated for PET fibers treated by NaOH,which was attributed to—OH produced from the ester group hydrolysis,but no same peak is shown for the treated ones by SDBS.Meanwhile,the crystallinity indices of the treated PET fibers slightly decreased.Compared with original PET fibers,the formation of sheet made from PET fibers treated by NaOH became worse,but that from SDBS treated PET fibers became better.     

超声处理对牛乳酪蛋白结构及抗原性的影响

利用超声波处理牛乳致敏蛋白α-酪蛋白（casein,CN）和β-CN,结合十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、圆二色光谱、荧光光谱及酶联免疫吸附测定等方法分析α-CN和β-CN结构和抗原性的变化。结果表明：随着超声波功率的增大,α-CN的分子质量无显著性变化,β-CN在600 W时发生聚集,两种酪蛋白羰基含量上升,自由巯基含量先下降后回升,在500 W时达到最低,疏水性则呈现与自由巯基含量相反的规律;二级结构中,α-螺旋结构经超声处理后其相对含量减少,无规卷曲相对含量随着超声功率先增加后降低,功率为500 W时相对含量最高,β-折叠的相对含量变化趋势则与无规卷曲相反,这表明超声波处理破坏了酪蛋白的高级结构;随着超声功率的增强,抗原性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中500 W时抗原性最高,与酪蛋白疏水性及无规卷曲结构相对含量呈正相关,与β-折叠结构的相对含量呈现负相关。超声处理酪蛋白在影响蛋白构象及结构的同时改变其抗原性,且抗原性与疏水性及无规卷曲相对含量相关。     

醋酸纤维素改性水性聚氨酯的制备及性能

以醋酸纤维素(CDA)、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)、聚醚2000(PPG2000)为主要原料,二月桂酸二丁基锡(DBTDL)为催化剂,二羟甲基丙酸(DMPA)为亲水扩链剂制备了一系列CDA改性的水性聚氨酯(WPU)。研究了CDA的乙酰基含量及CDA用量对乳液的粒径、黏度及对胶膜的力学性能、耐磨性、硬度的影响。利用红外光谱(FT-IR)及热重分析(TG)研究了胶膜的性能。结果表明:当CDA的乙酰基含量为43.5%,CDA的用量为6.8%,DMPA的用量为6.67%时,改性后胶膜的综合性能比较好。FT-IR表明,CDA成功接枝到PU分子骨架上;TG结果表明,CDA改性PU后,胶膜的热稳定得到明显提高。     

Single-stage photo-fermentative hydrogen production from hydrolyzed straw biomass using Rhodobacter sphaeroides

The hydrogen production utilizing photosynthetic and anaerobic bacteria in two-stage approach has many drawbacks, such as shortage of raw materials and complexity of operations. Accordingly, we aimed to develop a simple one-stage H₂ production protocol using the depolymerization of maize straw cellulose as a cheap carbon source. R. sphaeroides HY01 and its mutant (Hup^?) were studied regarding their H₂ production under different culture conditions. Further study using two model sugars, their combination, and straw hydrolysate as carbon sources was conducted to determine the effects of substrate on H₂ production. When using the straw hydrolysate as carbon source, the pH remained in a range of 7.1–7.6, whereas it dropped to 5.4–7.4 when using the model sugars, and the former biomass value was greater. The H₂ production performance of the mutant was significantly better than that of HY01. One-step photo-fermentative H₂ production was superior when using straw hydrolysate as opposed to the simple model sugars, and its yield was up to 4.62 mol H₂·mol^?1 reducing sugar.     

聚合物基MXene复合材料的光热性能研究进展

MXene是一种新兴的二维纳米材料,具有组成可调、结构可控的特性和优异光热性能。MXene可吸收入射光并将其高效转换为热能,这为太阳能的有效利用提供了新途径。将MXene加入聚合物基体中,可赋予聚合物基复合材料优异光热性能,并拓宽复合材料应用范围,因而被广泛研究。具有光热性能的聚合物基MXene复合材料在海水淡化、个人热管理、光热抗菌和光热治疗肿瘤等方面有着广泛的应用前景。本文总结了MXene及聚合物基MXene复合材料的制备方法,介绍了光热材料的光热转换机理,综述了聚合物基MXene复合材料在光热转换方面的研究进展,展望了具有光热性能的聚合物基MXene复合材料在应用中存在的挑战和未来的发展方向。